Tuesday, April 27, 2010

Eat Like Skinny Women

By Megan McMorris

We all have that one thin friend -- one of those skinny women who's never bullied into submission by the bread basket, and when she says, "I'll just eat one bite," she does just that. Is she for real?

Turns out, research shows that skinny people simply don't think about food the same way as, well, the rest of us. "Thin people have a relaxed relationship with food," explains David L. Katz, M.D., an associate professor adjunct in public health at Yale University. "Those who are overweight, however, tend to be preoccupied by it. They focus on how much or how often they eat, or attach labels like "good" and "bad" to certain foods. As a result, mealtime is always on the brain."

Here, weight-loss experts explore the mysterious minds of the "naturally" slim, and how to eat like skinny women. Learn what they do, what they don't, and how you can act the part.

They choose satisfied over stuffed

On a fullness scale of 1 to 10, skinny women stop eating at a level of 6 or 7, says Jill Fleming, R.D., author of "Thin People Don't Clean Their Plates." The rest of us may keep going to an 8 or 10. Why? It may be because you mistakenly equate the sensation of fullness with satisfaction and feel deprived if you stop short, says Fleming. Or you may just be used to finishing what's in front of you, regardless of whether you really need it.

Copy them: To eat like skinny women, about halfway through your next meal, put your fork down and, using the 1-to-10 scale, rate your level of fullness. Do it again when you have about five bites left. The goal is to increase your awareness of how satisfied you feel during a meal. (Bonus: It also slows down your eating, which allows the sensation of fullness to settle in.)

They realize hunger isn't an emergency

Most of us who struggle with extra pounds tend to view hunger as a condition that needs to be cured -- and fast, says Judith S. Beck, Ph.D., author of the book "The Beck Diet Solution." "If you fear hunger, you might routinely overeat to avoid it," she says. Thin people tolerate it because they know hunger pangs always come and go, buying them some time.

Copy them: Pick a busy day to purposely delay lunch by an hour or two. Or try skipping an afternoon snack one day. You'll see that you can still function just fine. Then next time you feel those grumbles, you'll hold off before making a beeline for the fridge.

They don't use food to cure the blues
It's not that skinny women are immune to emotional eating, says Kara Gallagher, Ph.D., a weight-loss expert based in Louisville, Kentucky. But they tend to recognize when they're doing it and stop.

Copy them: Add the word "halt" to your vocabulary, says Gallagher. More than just a command (as in stop eating that entire sleeve of cookies), it's an acronym that stands for Hungry, Angry, Lonely, or Tired -- the four most common triggers for emotional eating.

If you're truly hungry, eat a balanced snack, such as a handful of nuts, to tide you over until your next meal. But if you're angry, lonely, or tired, seek an alternative, calorie-free solution to your emotional need. Blow off steam by going for a run or just jumping around - the heartbeat boost will help dissipate your anger. Lonely? Call a friend, e-mail your kid, or walk to the park or mall. Being around others will make you feel more connected to your community (even if you don't bump into anyone you know). If you're tired, for heaven's sake, sleep!

They eat more fruit
Skinny women, on average, have one more serving of fruit and eat more fiber and less fat per day than overweight people, reports a 2006 study published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

Copy them: Start tinkering. To eat like skinny women, examine your diet for ways to add whole fruits (not juices) to your meals and snacks. Aim for two or three servings per day. Sprinkle berries in your cereal or on your yogurt. Add sliced pears to your turkey sandwich, or bake an apple for dessert. Keep a bowl of fruit on your kitchen table or desk to motivate you to think fruit first, vending machine never.

They're creatures of habit
Any dietitian will tell you that a varied diet is good -- but too much variety can backfire, says Katz, author of "The Flavor Point Diet." Studies have shown that too many tastes and textures encourage you to overeat, he explains. "Thin people have what I call a food groove -- the majority of their meals consist of well-planned staples," says Beck. "There are a few surprises thrown in, but for the most part their diets are fairly predictable."

Copy them: Try to eat as consistently as possible with your major meals -- have cereal for breakfast, a salad at lunch, and so forth. It's OK to add grilled chicken to the salad one day and tuna the next, but by sticking to a loosely prescribed meal schedule, you limit the opportunities to overindulge.

They have a self-control gene

Researchers at Tufts University found that the biggest predictor of weight gain among women in their 50s and 60s was their level of disinhibition, or unrestrained behavior. Women with low disinhibition (in other words, a finely tuned sense of restraint) had the lowest body mass index. High disinhibition (i.e., low restraint) was linked to an adult weight gain of as much as 33 pounds.

Copy them: Prepare for moments when your disinhibition is likely to be higher -- such as when you're in a festive atmosphere with a large group of friends. If you're at a party, tell yourself you'll take one of every fourth passed hors d'oeuvre. If you're out at dinner, order an appetizer portion and share dessert. Or if you're stressed -- another low-restraint moment -- make sure you have a source of crunchy snacks (like fruit or carrot sticks) at the ready.

They're movers and shakers
On average, skinny women are on their feet an extra 2 1/2 hours per day -- which can help burn off 33 pounds a year, according to a study from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.

Copy them: Try a reality check. Studies have shown that people often overestimate how active they really are, says Gallagher. Most people actually spend 16 to 20 hours a day just sitting. Wear a pedometer on an average day, and see how close you get to the recommended 10,000 steps. Your day should combine 30 minutes of structured exercise with a variety of healthy habits, such as taking the stairs instead of the elevator or mopping the floor with extra vigor.

They sleep -- well
Skinny women snooze two more hours per week compared with overweight people, says a study from Eastern Virginia Medical School. Researchers theorize that a lack of shut-eye is linked to lower levels of appetite-suppressing hormones like leptin and higher levels of the appetite-boosting hormone ghrelin.

Copy them: Break it down: Two extra hours of sleep a week is only 17 more minutes a day -- a lot more manageable, even for the most packed of schedules. Start there and slowly work toward eight hours of snooze time a night -- the right amount for most adults.

Quick Tip: Eat breakfast! Seventy-right percent of successful dieters do it every day, according to the National Weight Control Registry, a database of more than 5,000 people who've lost more than 30 pounds and kept the weight off for at least a year.

Megan McMorris is a freelance health and fitness writer from Portland, OR

By Megan McMorris

We all have that one thin friend -- one of those skinny women who's never bullied into submission by the bread basket, and when she says, "I'll just eat one bite," she does just that. Is she for real?

Turns out, research shows that skinny people simply don't think about food the same way as, well, the rest of us. "Thin people have a relaxed relationship with food," explains David L. Katz, M.D., an associate professor adjunct in public health at Yale University. "Those who are overweight, however, tend to be preoccupied by it. They focus on how much or how often they eat, or attach labels like "good" and "bad" to certain foods. As a result, mealtime is always on the brain."

Here, weight-loss experts explore the mysterious minds of the "naturally" slim, and how to eat like skinny women. Learn what they do, what they don't, and how you can act the part.

They choose satisfied over stuffed

On a fullness scale of 1 to 10, skinny women stop eating at a level of 6 or 7, says Jill Fleming, R.D., author of "Thin People Don't Clean Their Plates." The rest of us may keep going to an 8 or 10. Why? It may be because you mistakenly equate the sensation of fullness with satisfaction and feel deprived if you stop short, says Fleming. Or you may just be used to finishing what's in front of you, regardless of whether you really need it.

Copy them: To eat like skinny women, about halfway through your next meal, put your fork down and, using the 1-to-10 scale, rate your level of fullness. Do it again when you have about five bites left. The goal is to increase your awareness of how satisfied you feel during a meal. (Bonus: It also slows down your eating, which allows the sensation of fullness to settle in.)

They realize hunger isn't an emergency

Most of us who struggle with extra pounds tend to view hunger as a condition that needs to be cured -- and fast, says Judith S. Beck, Ph.D., author of the book "The Beck Diet Solution." "If you fear hunger, you might routinely overeat to avoid it," she says. Thin people tolerate it because they know hunger pangs always come and go, buying them some time.

Copy them: Pick a busy day to purposely delay lunch by an hour or two. Or try skipping an afternoon snack one day. You'll see that you can still function just fine. Then next time you feel those grumbles, you'll hold off before making a beeline for the fridge.

They don't use food to cure the blues
It's not that skinny women are immune to emotional eating, says Kara Gallagher, Ph.D., a weight-loss expert based in Louisville, Kentucky. But they tend to recognize when they're doing it and stop.

Copy them: Add the word "halt" to your vocabulary, says Gallagher. More than just a command (as in stop eating that entire sleeve of cookies), it's an acronym that stands for Hungry, Angry, Lonely, or Tired -- the four most common triggers for emotional eating.

If you're truly hungry, eat a balanced snack, such as a handful of nuts, to tide you over until your next meal. But if you're angry, lonely, or tired, seek an alternative, calorie-free solution to your emotional need. Blow off steam by going for a run or just jumping around - the heartbeat boost will help dissipate your anger. Lonely? Call a friend, e-mail your kid, or walk to the park or mall. Being around others will make you feel more connected to your community (even if you don't bump into anyone you know). If you're tired, for heaven's sake, sleep!

They eat more fruit
Skinny women, on average, have one more serving of fruit and eat more fiber and less fat per day than overweight people, reports a 2006 study published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association.

Copy them: Start tinkering. To eat like skinny women, examine your diet for ways to add whole fruits (not juices) to your meals and snacks. Aim for two or three servings per day. Sprinkle berries in your cereal or on your yogurt. Add sliced pears to your turkey sandwich, or bake an apple for dessert. Keep a bowl of fruit on your kitchen table or desk to motivate you to think fruit first, vending machine never.

They're creatures of habit
Any dietitian will tell you that a varied diet is good -- but too much variety can backfire, says Katz, author of "The Flavor Point Diet." Studies have shown that too many tastes and textures encourage you to overeat, he explains. "Thin people have what I call a food groove -- the majority of their meals consist of well-planned staples," says Beck. "There are a few surprises thrown in, but for the most part their diets are fairly predictable."

Copy them: Try to eat as consistently as possible with your major meals -- have cereal for breakfast, a salad at lunch, and so forth. It's OK to add grilled chicken to the salad one day and tuna the next, but by sticking to a loosely prescribed meal schedule, you limit the opportunities to overindulge.

They have a self-control gene

Researchers at Tufts University found that the biggest predictor of weight gain among women in their 50s and 60s was their level of disinhibition, or unrestrained behavior. Women with low disinhibition (in other words, a finely tuned sense of restraint) had the lowest body mass index. High disinhibition (i.e., low restraint) was linked to an adult weight gain of as much as 33 pounds.

Copy them: Prepare for moments when your disinhibition is likely to be higher -- such as when you're in a festive atmosphere with a large group of friends. If you're at a party, tell yourself you'll take one of every fourth passed hors d'oeuvre. If you're out at dinner, order an appetizer portion and share dessert. Or if you're stressed -- another low-restraint moment -- make sure you have a source of crunchy snacks (like fruit or carrot sticks) at the ready.

They're movers and shakers
On average, skinny women are on their feet an extra 2 1/2 hours per day -- which can help burn off 33 pounds a year, according to a study from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.

Copy them: Try a reality check. Studies have shown that people often overestimate how active they really are, says Gallagher. Most people actually spend 16 to 20 hours a day just sitting. Wear a pedometer on an average day, and see how close you get to the recommended 10,000 steps. Your day should combine 30 minutes of structured exercise with a variety of healthy habits, such as taking the stairs instead of the elevator or mopping the floor with extra vigor.

They sleep -- well
Skinny women snooze two more hours per week compared with overweight people, says a study from Eastern Virginia Medical School. Researchers theorize that a lack of shut-eye is linked to lower levels of appetite-suppressing hormones like leptin and higher levels of the appetite-boosting hormone ghrelin.

Copy them: Break it down: Two extra hours of sleep a week is only 17 more minutes a day -- a lot more manageable, even for the most packed of schedules. Start there and slowly work toward eight hours of snooze time a night -- the right amount for most adults.

Quick Tip: Eat breakfast! Seventy-right percent of successful dieters do it every day, according to the National Weight Control Registry, a database of more than 5,000 people who've lost more than 30 pounds and kept the weight off for at least a year.

Megan McMorris is a freelance health and fitness writer from Portland, OR

Monday, April 26, 2010

Why are you still single? Marie Claire's male dating blogger lists nine possible reasons for his own single status.

By Rich Santos
No matter who you are, dating and meeting interesting people is a challenge. Maybe this is why dating is so intriguing. There are legitimate reasons for not dating (for example, you've been hurt physically or mentally and you need to learn to trust again) or excuses such as "I'm working on my career," even though you're not really working on your career.
I recently pondered why I'm still single and wondered: "Am I clinging to these reasons as excuses to keep me from taking on the challenge of dating, or to avoid my fear of rejection?" Here are some of the reasons I give myself when thinking about why I am still single:
1. I'm "Unique" and Tough to Get Along With
Maybe I have strange interests and I'm not a "mainstream" kind of guy, so the number of women that connect with me is limited. I'm not always eager to compromise. I fear I'm turning into the reclusive artist type, enjoying solitude and reveling in bitterness.
2. I Value My Independence
I enjoy being able to do what I want, whenever I want. I'm bad enough budgeting my own time, so being aware of someone else's time in addition to mine seems daunting.
3. My Last Relationship Scared Me
I'm assuming that every other girl I meet will be like my ex-girlfriend, who got too serious too quickly.
4. My Parents' Split Scared Me
When my parents split up when I was 8, it took a big piece out of me. Every year I wonder if I'm over it, or if I'm still damaged from the trauma.
5. I've Got Issues with Sex
In fact, I was told by a professional to see a sex therapist. I have never enjoyed sex; I'm worried that I'm not satisfying my partner, or that I'll do something wrong.
6. I Haven't Met the Right Girl
I'm like Simon on American Idol: always finding something in someone to annoy me. I am rarely intrigued by a girl these days. But perhaps I'm too picky, and I'm judging too quickly. My one female friend tells me that she thinks I'm staying out of the game because I don't want drama in my life. Trust me, I'm capable of creating enough drama on my own so perhaps she's right that I can't handle more. She says the "drama-free" girl is out there, and that's when I'm going to give things a shot.
7. Kids Scare Me
I've learned about child-rearing after my nieces were born. Right now, I have it great: I'm the cool uncle and I don't have to do any serious parenting stuff. And sometimes I look around the world, and I wonder why I should bring a child into it in light of all of the bad things that happen.
8. I Don't Want to Grow Up
I've always been on the slow track with growing up. I feel like there's so much to learn out there, and I don't want the responsibility of a serious relationship.
9. It Rarely Works Out Anyway
I'm embellishing a bit, but I've gotten addicted to that Discovery ID Channel and its true crime documentaries. The last few weeks, I've seen murder, adultery, and deceit all over these shows. And if I switch to my other favorite channel, ESPN, I see similar stories like Tiger Woods. So what's the point?
Some of these reasons may be legitimate, but even I can admit that they should not prevent me from dating. Dating is about overcoming fears. We are putting ourselves out there: like going on a job interview, or auditioning for a gig. I'm also assuming the worst — not every girl will get too serious, maybe I'll learn to enjoy sex, my close-minded approach might be letting great girls get away, and just because I go on a few dates doesn't mean I'm going to end up with a kid.
My life is littered with challenges I avoided: academics, college soccer, etc. I may have had the talent to take on the those challenges, but there was always some excuse or excuses that I identified for not giving it a shot, along with a fear of rejection. If we can differentiate excuses from legitimate reasons, we might take on more challenges, and we might even be able to get out there and do some healthy dating.

Friday, April 16, 2010

8 do's and don'ts for your 401k

Most of us are woefully unprepared for retirement, yet the steps to financial security are simple. Here are the rules retirement experts say you should follow.

[Related content: 401k, retirement, financial planning, retirement planning, investing strategy]

By MarketWatch

When it comes to saving for retirement and building a portfolio to last a lifetime, most Americans are way behind the eight ball -- and the nine ball and just about every other ball on the pool table.

Making the most of your 401k

More than 54% of Americans report that the total value of their household savings and investments, excluding the value of their primary homes and any defined-benefit plans, is less than $25,000, according to the Employee Benefit Research Institute's annual Retirement Confidence Survey. What's worse, 27% have less than $1,000 in assets. Just 11% have more than $250,000 set aside.

Yes, those figures include Americans young and old, those just heading into the working world as well as those about to check out of it. But in the main, Americans need to modify their savings and spending patterns to have any hope of enjoying a standard of living to which, rightly or wrongly, they've become accustomed.

It's not rocket science, at least not according to experts. Here are some nest egg do's and don'ts from Hewitt Associates and Merrill Lynch.

1. Participate in your plan

If you're lucky enough to have a 401k at work, contribute to it. That will greatly improve your financial well-being, according to Bank of America Merrill Lynch, which recently introduced a new tool designed to monitor and score the "financial wellness" of 401k plans in general and, by extension, the employees who participate in them.

The new tool looks at four plan-participant behaviors: saving, investing, setting and monitoring retirement goals, and nest-egg preservation. Not surprisingly, savings and investing behavior -- which represent 80% of the overall score -- are the primary drivers of financial wellness.

Fulfilling Retirement

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According to Kevin Crain of Merrill, the healthiest 401k plans (at least among Merrill clients) are those in which at least 80% of the eligible employees participate in the plan. The least healthy are those in which employee participation is 70% or lower.

He said the healthiest 401k plans automatically enroll employees, automatically increase the percentage contribution made by salaried employees on a regular basis and provide investment advice to workers.

2. Avoid risky behavior

In Merrill's new index, participants can receive a wellness score on a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 being a perfect score. Points are deducted from the overall wellness score of each participant based on symptoms associated with "at risk" behaviors.

What are those risky behaviors for which you might get dinged?

  • Having an outstanding loan that represents 25% or more of your total 401k account balance.
  • Not having requested a proposed investment strategy.
  • Not using asset-allocation or target-date funds.
  • Concentrating in specific asset classes.
  • Concentrating in company stock.
  • Not taking full advantage of the company match.
  • Saving 2% or less.

These behaviors each cost you at least one point off the overall score.

3. Increase your contribution rate

If you are participating in your 401k, consider upping the percentage of your contribution, according to Hewitt. Workers contribute on average 7% of their salary to a 401k, but every little bit matters.

Crain, for instance, reports that workers with the healthiest 401k plans contribute 8.5%, on average, to their accounts, while workers in the least healthy plans contribute just 6.5% on average. For its part, Hewitt noted in a release that contributing just 1% or 2% more of your salary to your 401k can have a dramatic effect on your retirement savings.

Hewitt said that a 30-year-old employee earning an average salary of $50,000 who increases her contribution rate from 4% to 6% will have accumulated an extra $295,000 by the time she reaches retirement age.

Continued: Don't put your plan on autopilot

More from MSN Money and MarketWatch

4. Put your plan on autopilot

Face it, when it comes to saving, inertia often gets the better of us. If you contribute 6% to your 401k, it's likely to stay that way even if you get a raise. But according to Hewitt, you should consider taking advantage of any and all tools that take the guesswork out of saving and investing.

Consider signing up for automatic escalation and automatic rebalancing tools if your employer offers such options.

5. Take advantage of advice

The median annual return for employees using investment help was almost 2% higher than those who did not, according to a joint study from Hewitt Associates and Financial Engines.

Merrill's Crain is in agreement about the benefits of advice. In Merrill's world, 401k plans that offered advice to participants had higher wellness scores than those that didn't offer advice -- 8.5 to 6.2.

According to Hewitt, half of the companies in its survey offer online investment guidance, and 39% offer online third-party investment advisory services. In addition, 28% of employers offer managed accounts that let participants delegate management of their account to an outside professional.

6. Don't forfeit free money

It's hard to believe, but more than 25% of workers leave free money on the table, contributing below the company-match threshold, according to Hewitt. Contribute at least enough to your 401k to receive your full employer match.

As the economy begins to recover, more companies are restoring their company matches. Hewitt research indicates that 80% of employers that reduced or suspended their matches in 2009 plan to restore them this year. Fidelity Investments has noted a similar trend among the 300 companies in its client base.

7. Don't cash out

If you're changing jobs or leaving your current job, don't cash out your 401k savings. About 46% of employees cash out, according to Hewitt. But doing so can have serious consequences.

Typically, you'll play a tax on the amount withdrawn and a 10% early-withdrawal fee.

8. Don't overinvest in company stock

In Merrill's Financial Wellness index, you lose points for overinvesting in company stock, because doing so means that both your human capital and financial capital are tied to your employer. And if your employer goes belly up, you lose both your job and a good portion of your 401k.

According to Hewitt, employees contributed on average 18% of their 401k money to company stock in February.

Hewitt recommends contributing no more than 10% of your 401k to your employer's stock.

This article was reported by Robert Powell for MarketWatch.

More from MSN Money and MarketWatch

中国畸高房价的病源

李跃华

导致当前房价非理性疯狂上涨,有两个关键性因素,一个推波助澜因素。至于炒房团和原住民,一个是市场经济条件下正常逐利行为,一个是大拆迁背景下因地段因素获利群体,与房价无关。

先来看看两个关键性因素。第一大因素是中央与地方的财税制度,导致地方大部分收入被中央抽走,建设资金出现亏空,不得不靠卖地来补充地方政府收入。尤其是在当前唯GDP主义的大环境下。任期短暂的地方官关注的是如何在任期内让当地经济出现更多亮点,以求个人仕途更大发展。再有,地方很多社会开支,包括教师开支等,也都是地方承担。在中央抽走大部分前提下,地方为了保障收支大致平衡,只能靠卖地来解决此问题。因此,地方政府卖地,固然值得指责。但是,当前中央和地方的财税体制,是地方政府不得已卖地之主要原因。

第二大因素是中国普遍性的投资环境太差,没有任何一个领域能和房产的回报率比。笔者曾经和一位美国二手房中介人士聊过,他告诉我,美国的房产回报率一年也就在8%左右,和投资其它实体领域比,是属于非常低的回报领域。因此,在美国,大家纷纷把钱投往实体领域。因此,美国经济虽然陷入金融危机,却不是经济危机。中国恰恰相反,为何大家都把钱往房市里砸呢?因为没有别的领域有房市如此回报之高。

在上个世纪八、九十年代,民营企业得到迅猛发展,那个时候是他们的黄金时期。但是进入2000年以后,融资困难、企业发展范围受限、政府管理趋严,以及劳动力成本逐渐上升等诸多原因,导致中国实体经济越来越难做,大家有钱都把钱投到房产中去。从个体的角度看,这是个体财富急剧增长的故事。但是,从国家的角度看,照这样发展下去,大家都把钱投到房市里,国家的实体经济将崩溃,整个国家的民众都要跟着倒霉。

国企、央企推波助澜

推波助澜因素是经营能力差又无改革进取之心的国企、央企。他们通过三重渠道对民众进行剥削。首先,他们通过在股票市场募集民众资金;其次,他们通过从政府救市资金里获取高额贷款,而这些贷款基本上都是属于普通纳税人所缴纳,现在变成了国企、央企投资房产之“武器”;第三个渠道,他们拿到这些资金后,不去想如何改善自己经营管理、提升自己的竞争力,而是跑到全国各地和民企争地、争利,直线拉高各地地价、房价。在他们带领下,各中小房地产商,也开始想出各种办法来提高房价,获取更多利润,比如捂盘、借机提高房价销售等。

至于炒房群体和原住民这个两个群体,房价高与他们无关,虽然他们也是房价高企的获益者。炒房群体是因为他们手里有资金,在市场经济条件下投资给带来最大回报的领域是逐利的正常行为,无可厚非。在美国,因为房产回报率低,实体回报高,所以,投资资金都涌向实体经济,推动美国经济向前发展。在中国,房产投资成为所有领域风险最小、利润最高的投资活动。至于原住民,就更与高房价无关。他们原本就是城市某个地段的普通居民,只是所住地段很幸运的成为城市开发、拆迁的范围,在地价、房价逐渐走高背景下,他们的拆迁补偿款也随之升高,这是必然的事,他们应得的经济补偿,怎么能与房价高企挂上钩呢?!

最近,面对大众纷纷指责,国资委宣布28家央企退出房地产行业。这是好事,但只是控制房地产市场正常发展的第一步,因为,真正关键是要创造一个健康的市场环境,让大家有领域可投,有利润可收,引导大家往其它领域投资,实现市场经济条件下市场对资源的最佳配置。政府把环境打造好了,民营企业融资不再困难,经营活动变得更加单纯、自由,投资领域也进一步放开,资金自动就会转移到实体经济中去。这样的话,是房地产的幸事,也是国家经济发展的幸事。

最近让人高兴的是,中国政府开始认识到这一点,宣布放开部分国有领域,容许民营企业投资。这是值得肯定和高兴的事情。国家资本可以把控一些关系国计民生领域,但决不能与民争利。国企不能利用自身垄断优势赚取非经营性高额利润。政府应该严格监督地方和部委的执行力,不要被利益群体所牵绊,导致政策走样或落空,要实现真正的口惠实至,为创建一个良好的国民经济发展环境而努力。

最最关键的是,中央、地方的财税制度要改革,赋予地方更多的合理财政来源,而不是靠卖地来创收。这是拉高房价的最直接因素,地价高了,房价自然就高了。此外,是要改变当前唯GDP主义的政绩观,如何为当地民生更好的服务,用科学发展观来衡量地方官的政绩等等。这些,都是当前房地产市场向健康方向发展的关键因素。当然,这些都是牵一发而动全身因素,需要中央政府统筹安排,协调处理。

要想控制房价,保证房地产市场合理、健康发展,控制源头不在房产市场,地价只是表象。地方政府为何卖地、资金为何都往房产领域投?探寻这些现象的根本之源,从根子上着力,才能真正消除中国当前房产市场的隐患和作恶幽灵,推动房产市场健康向前发展,回归国民经济序列常态。

作者任职于南京大学马克思主义社会理论研究中心

美国富人逃税方法和风险分析

刘以栋

报税季节,大家都为纳税苦恼。虽然欧巴马号称只增加美国富人的税收额度,但事实上美国富人的税并不容易征来。真正承担美国沉重税务负担的,还是美国的中上产阶级(Up Middle Class),也就是我们这些工薪阶层。

我不做美国税收方面的研究,并且等到报税时,所有免税途径都已成了马后炮。但我以前看过美国富人的逃税措施,感到面对未来的高税率,我们也要考虑怎么合法逃税。

面对以后股票分红(Stock Dividends)税率的增加,免税城市债券(Municipal Bonds)可以作为一种选择。以前股票分红税率低的时候(15%),大家喜欢买分红股。现在股票分红的税率将上升,免税城市债券就可成为一个选项。购买免税城市债券的风险在于,如果发生通货膨胀,或者债券发行城市或政府申请破产,那么就会得不偿失。现在加州和伊州政府债券的风险就很高,虽然我认为联邦政府非救它们不可。

随着资本所得(Capital Gains)税率的增加,人们可以选择不兑现资本所得。你买了股票以后,如果你不把增值的股票卖掉,你就没有资本所得,也就不需要缴资本所得税。理论上讲,如果你长期持有股票,你就不需要缴资本所得税。问题在于,如果你买的股票升值以后,又跌了回去,你就会空欢喜一场,税是不用缴了,可钱也没赚到。

收入税率上升以后,富人可以改变公司形式逃税。美国的富人,一般都有自己的公司。象我们这些工薪阶层,是很难成为富人的。美国的公司有不同形式,有的公司如水管(Partnership, S-Corp),公司帐上没有结余,所有的利润都分下来。有的公司如蓄水池(C-Corp),利润可以留在公司帐上,这样就可以减少公司拥有人的收入,逃避税收。问题在于,公司如果一旦卷入法律官司,老板就很难通过申请破产来逃避处罚。

高收入家庭,也可以通过退休账号来避税。现在许多公司都有退休计划,大家可以把钱存到401K等退休账号来避税。高收入家庭,如果两人都把允许额度存满,还是很可观的。在退休账号以外,还可以给小孩学费存钱避税。麻烦在于,这些避税账号的钱,不容易拿出来花。一旦急需用钱,就会感觉很不方便。

双收入家庭,可以干脆一个人回家照顾孩子,减少收入避税。缺点在于,收入会下降,同时也是人力资源浪费。

美国未来的税收负担会越来越重,而大家减少税收的途径也会越来越少。现在美国政府已经在讨论增值税(VAT)了,我想增值税被引入美国是迟早的事。以美国现在的财政赤字,光靠家庭收入超过25万美元的富人是解决不了问题的。虽然你可能不情愿,但美国的税将会跟你同行,并将伴你一生。

Saturday, April 10, 2010

坏男人才能征服女人

作者: 画风   发表日期: 2010-03-30 19:38   复制博文链接

朋友,你想吸引女孩的目光吗?你想猎取女友的芳心吗?你想赢得老婆的敬意吗?如果不想,请你离开。俺是为想的人写的。
一个男人想征服女人,就要知道女人喜欢什么、爱什么,投其所好,对症下药,才能收事半功倍之效。否则,你不一败涂地、一塌糊涂、一事无成才怪。
在五十年代,女人喜欢正派、忠厚、老实、热爱劳动的男人,也就是通常说的好男人。如新凤霞在评剧《刘巧儿》中有一段唱词:
“上一次劳模会上我爱上人一个呀,他的名字叫赵振华,
都选他做模范,人人都把他夸呀。
从那天看见他我心里头放不下呀,因此上我偷偷地就爱上他呀。
但愿这个年轻的人哪他也把我爱呀,
过了门,他劳动,我生产,又织布,纺棉花,
我们学文化,他帮助我,我帮助他, 做一对模范夫妻立业成家呀。”
现在不同了。到了市场经济时代,一切都在与时俱进,女人当然也不例外。“男人不坏,女人不爱”。你再像个好男人一样,会有姑娘看你一眼吗?会爱上你吗?会佩服你吗?你就等着打一辈子的光棍吧。因此,你若问如何征服女人?天涯告诉你,用坏去征服女人。
先为“坏”下个定义吧。简单地说,在上学时期,不好好学习可谓坏;在恋爱时期,不纯情似水可谓坏;在工作中,不安分守己可谓坏;成家后,不体贴妻子可谓坏。
想吸引女孩的目光,你要坏。就拿中学来说,吸引女孩目光的,不是踏实用功、老实听话的品学兼优的好学生,而是调皮捣蛋、桀骜不驯的“坏”学生。坏学生在她 们的眼里才够“酷”,才够帅,如果能够在学校称王称霸,擅长打架斗殴,那就会像英雄一样地被崇拜。这种情况的出现,俺天涯想影视媒体立功甚伟。你想,我们 的影视歌星们,人长的不咋的,学习不咋的,歌唱的也不咋的,就是能红透半个中国,凭什么?就凭扮酷。
所以女孩子们喜欢酷酷的男孩,而专心学习的学生是与“酷”无缘的。还有香港的“古惑仔”等描述的街头混混,敢打敢拼,是何等的英雄了得?于是小混混们受到女孩子们的崇拜。有首歌不是叫“爱拼才会赢”吗?拼吧!
想猎取女友的芳心,你要坏。有一个故事说,一个纯情男孩爱上一个女孩,女孩也喜欢这个男孩。于是二人拍拖。男孩非常尊重那个女孩,关心、体贴、呵护有加, 总之,一个好男人该做的,他全做了,“坏”男人想做的,他一点没做,二人谈了半年竟连手都没握过!有一天,女孩提出分手。男孩伤心地问:“为什么?我对你 不好吗?我那样尊重你,体贴你,我把你当神一样看,连你的手都没拉过呀!”女孩反问:“是呀,我们谈半年了,手都没拉过,你觉得我们正常吗?”教训深刻 呀。抛弃你的好男人标准吧,不要再用五、六十年代的观念来看当今的女人。她不要你一往情深,她要你花言巧语;她不要你纯情似水,她要你动手动脚;她不要你 把她当神,她要你把她当人。所以天涯劝你:该出手时就出手,风风火火闹花丛。谈恋爱的头两次,你大可以装的一本正经,到第三次你再不下手的话,嘿嘿,别说 天涯看不起你,女友的心里也会打个问号:“他是个男人吗?这样没出息的男人,我应该和他谈下去吗?”到那时,悔之晚矣!
想赢得老婆的敬意,你要坏。准时下班回家,做饭洗衣干家务,对老婆体贴温柔,对孩子宽严有度。这样的男人好吧?是好,可老婆看不起你。下班回家,那是没本 事的表现。没听人说:“一等男人家外有家,二等男人家外有花,三等男人花中寻家,四等男人下班回家,五等男人妻不在家,六等男人找不到家。”都是四等男人 了,你说老婆会看起你吗?这也是你结婚早点,老婆上了你的当,晚点的话,你恐怕就会沦落为六等男人了。老婆不在意你的心肠好不好,她关心你的钱袋饱不饱。
你如果在官场,活干的比人多,她说你没本事,提拔比人慢,她说你没本事;你若在商场,诚实经营,她说你没本事,不会偷税漏税,她说你没本事。所以天涯说,你只有学着做一个坏男人,学会偷懒、耍滑,学会巴结逢迎,学会缺斤少两,学会坑蒙拐骗,才有可能赢得老婆的敬意。
女人为什么会爱坏男人?俺想,坏男人的标新立异,很容易吸引无知少女的眼球;坏男人的花言巧语,很能迷惑女人;坏男人擅长歪门斜道,显得很能办事,像个强人,很容易让女人尊敬,关键的原因就是坏男人大多都比好男人会挣钱。
没办法,女人爱坏男人,这是时代的需要。当今的时代,钱造就英雄,有钱就是英雄,无钱嘛,当然是狗熊了。话难听,理实在。你想,当今的知识多少钱一斤呀? 你就是一个科学院院士,一个月能挣多少钱?恐怕还没一个大款偷漏的税多呢,能活的潇洒?能让老婆在外面显摆?能让女友在朋友面前自傲?能有一身名牌吸引女 孩的目光?
女人爱坏男人,更是女人自身发展的需要。你想,随着时代的进步,女人也要与时俱进吧。于是,她们变得现实了、目光短浅了,注重物质忽略精神了。她要整容,她要漂亮,她要用金钱来塑造自己的信心、自己的魅力。你一个好男人,不会挣钱,能给她这些吗?不能?那88吧。
所以在女人的眼里,坏男人才是好男人呢。我们要坚信:男人坏吧不是罪,我们要疾呼:让我们坏得更可爱些吧。

Friday, April 9, 2010

华尔街日报:如何在美国砍价---“杀价六必”(图) 华尔街日报

李淼
回到美国这些日子累的贼死,工作就是不停地买东西,一车车往家里运,一摞摞包装盒子往外扔。看着空荡荡的屋子院子渐渐的被充满,开心之外更多的是心疼──这都是绿油油的银子堆出来的啊……

李淼

在美国多年的姐夫对我的“抄底”行为很是羡慕嫉妒外加恨,看到我买了某样东西必会搬出五年前的物价来进行对比,唏嘘之余教育我要感谢美国经济危机带来的大块肥肉。还记得去年秋天的时候我请人砍了一棵家门口的枫树(如图),花了375块(美元),周围的邻居们都流着热泪感慨当初这价格顶多就是锯个树杈儿。
咱不是不知道感恩的人,可问题是在我迅速地乘了一个七又对比了一下我冬季在北京惨淡的收入后,即便375块锯棵树本人还是嫌贵。于是在砍树公司老板开出价格后就听到了我强大的咒语:“By the way, I also have a small cherry in the back that doesn’t look too good. Could you take care of that as ahhhh… gift?
我发现我周围的女人,特别是有追求的中年妇女们,都把会砍价当成实现人生价值的重要手段。说到砍价杀价,学生们都喜欢用bargain 这个词。但我总觉得还是haggle来得热闹彻底,更符合中文里“砍”或者“杀”这个动作的神韵。我在国内也算是精明熟手家庭主妇一族,到了美国乡下由于日常生活比较枯燥,更是少不了要利用一切有可能的机会抄经济危机的底,joining every battle for a haggle,也不枉我那“砍价小能手、淘宝大客户”的招牌。
总结了杀价六必(SIX BES),回顾下我的光辉战绩,也顺便教大家几句在美国旅游生活好用又省钱的句子。
第一必:BE PROFESSIONAL

这里的professional不见得真就是专业人士了,话说我都专业了还要花这钱干嘛?我说的是look like a pro就足够了。记得我去年去看房子,其实啥也不懂呢,但都会随身携带单反相机、文件夹、打印好的地产资料,然后昂首挺胸地走在我的经纪人前面。好几次卖房子的代理看我们一阵风似的鱼贯而入,都把我当成了buyer’s representative
买家具是大买卖所以我比较重视,事先量好了各个房间、画了平面图,再把家具要求的尺寸按比例用电脑打印出一个个模型剪下来。当我坐在卖家具的salesman面前,摊开我二战沙盘一样复杂的家具模拟王国的时候,那五十多岁的意大利大叔都呆了,认定了我是做室内设计的艺术家。
上周和做庭院的landscaper商量给门前小路铺砖头,他跟我说砖头很贵要什么什么价格。我灵光一现的想起来某次在长岛和皇后区交界因为迷路一头扎进一个卖砖头的批发市场,然后云淡风轻的说“come on, you can do better than this. I was at the brick dealers in New Hyde Park last week and I know how much they cost for wholesale.”园艺公司老板当场蔫儿了,心里一定发现这个很古怪的亚洲女人不好骗。
“第一BE”不用花费太多时间,事先上网查查资料,哪怕能问出来一个够专业的问题也算能给漫天要价的销售员点儿警示:Beware of the Pros!
第二必:BE QUIET
对,就是安静点儿的意思。要知道买家的沉默永远比卖家的可怕,即便是当她对“维多利亚干贝式” 篱笆比“狗耳朵干贝式”篱笆要多出15%的价格这类的专业报价术语一头雾水的时候。我说quiet可没说silence,更不是那MADE IN CHINA的smilence,这两种造型都太瘆人了。
其实,不说话也是可以整出点儿动静的,比如哼哼唧唧地从鼻腔里挤出来一句“hmmmm, I don’t know…”或者长时间用无辜的眼神凝视卖家后发出个气声“Are you sure…”,再例如以每秒两百四十格的慢动作摆一个WOW的口型并将那个/au:/拖成山谷里的回音……
要知道我们越沉默,卖家的心跳速度就越会逐级升高。某次我在一个广东华侨开的亚洲家具店看一个柜子,开价580块。我上来就说了一句“I’ll take it for three hundred”。随后当然是老板用英语和广东话和我听不懂的国语哭天抢地。我此后一言不发地挨个看遍了两层楼的showroom,在往楼下大门走的路上,老板终于绷不住投降了:“三百块真的没钱赚的啦,算啦算啦,生意不好做的啦……”

第三必:BE WITH SOMEONE
You gotta have a sidekick!话说人多势众嘛。和你一同砍价的人可不是随便在朋友里面捞一个就能上的。我有几个著名败家女友是专门“种草”的,我挑什么她们都会两眼发亮地欢喜赞叹,让商家莫名奇妙地以为现在当托儿的也有志愿者了。Sidekick还是要选比较能够心意相通的。
上月找人来重铺前院草坪,说实话我对这个东西的价格没什么概念,心想怎么也要个三五千块吧。来了个墨西哥兄弟,开价七百,当我醒悟过来是七百不是七千的时候,内心狂笑的声音估计都传到祖国大陆了。就在这会儿我先生回家了,我绷着脸很沉痛地对他说“You won’t believe what he’s going to charge us for this!” 。听完了价格,我老公那眉头皱的简直可以媲美Bruce Willis(布鲁斯威利斯,好莱坞男星)。“Are you high-balling me?”布鲁斯威利斯恐吓之余还伴有我亚裔女性的温柔鼓励:“Come on, I know you can do better than this!”这墨西哥兄弟被我们俩一通Good Cop/Bad Cop的折磨,降价之余又多送出两棵树苗儿。
要说世界上最敬业sidekick是我姐。在好多好多年前纽约唐人街的螃蟹还是$1.99一打的时候,也是李老师和李师姑正值青春貌美的光辉岁月的时候。我们俩去华人超市买螃蟹,要一打,有人专门一个个数着从大筐往纸袋里夹。每次数数儿的时候我姐就不停地跟卖螃蟹的小伙子拉家常,螃蟹个个活蹦乱跳的,就像那小伙子扑通通的小心脏。结果12个螃蟹被小伙子广东话数一遍国语再数一遍,但回家打开纸袋的时候还是会有unexpected guests
第四必:BE BUSY
人要勤快,相信付出总有回报,砍价的时候也是一样。要知道只要你忙忙碌碌地上网看报纸守电线杆,只要肯出力气不怕花时间不怕被人烦,总能在付钱的时候捞回成本。当然,这点只适用于每天无事可做的超级闲人们。
经典的例子算是我去年买的这辆 SIENNA。那次是我和先生回来,先是贪便宜在网上租了一辆PT CUISER,那叫一个难受,开到65MHP(105K)就感觉要进入光速一样,乘客和司机都吓得浑身发抖。几天后俩人都挺不住了,决定尽快买辆新的。吃了早饭看报纸,找到DEALER A,选了车试驾,订好颜色,开始跟销售大姐砍价儿。
其实谁知道能砍下来多少呢,报纸上的价格都是裸的一丝不挂恨不得方向盘都要自备的裸车价格。我们俩打定主意甭管她说啥都扭头就走。开车出来立刻往另外一家DEALER B杀去,途中给DEALER B打电话,明告诉他们我们正在DEALER A看某款车,如果有更低的价格我们就过去。DEALER B说“You guys are lucky that you called. People get screwed at XXX all the time! ”到了那儿果然又降了几百。正谈着我的手机哔哔作响,我看是大姐打来的,恳求我们一定回去,价格又比B降下来几百。我们多花了半天儿时间,耗了几十公里的汽油,省下来大概800多块,还算挺值不是?
第五必:BE EVIL
其实我也不忍心看人家吃亏,可架不住商家那My Loss Is Your Gain的宣传口号太邪乎,我倒是没有天真到以为能翻盘,起码大家都有的赚就好。
还是买家具那次,我是半夜进村儿,快关门了才去的。找个 SALESMAN把我要买的几样一一列给他,明告诉他这会是你这礼拜最大最快的生意。销售员很老套儿地假装做不了主,找出经理来。经理进进出出他的办公室,假装要请示更高的上级……店长问我能不能这周就送货,我一听就知道他们是这周销售业绩快要完不成了,暗爽。店长进屋查电脑的功夫儿我撺掇销售员"Look, please help me spend my money here. If I don't, my husband will buy furniture somewhere else.” “Push him harder, I’ll cut you the deal tonight.” 两句话把靠commission吃饭的大叔刺激的肾上腺素飙升,进入了我的阵营。
家具买的称心如意,回到家我就开始邪恶地等店长来电话求我吧。果然到了周三接到电话,问我能不能从下个月初提前到本周五送货。我说不行,家里油漆还没刷,家具搬进来都弄脏了。不过……等等,如果你们能再给我优惠三百我明天多请两个刷油漆的工人来干活说不定周五前可以完工的哦……“一百二百三百”拉锯了二十分钟后接到电话,三百到手我自己连夜刷了油漆,双赢。

图一

第六必:BE COOL
上面曝光各种死缠烂打的招数,都惨成这样了,你还能COOL的起来么?我能!
给大家看俩图。图一是我在家附近开车路过garage sale的时候买的。 Garage sale也叫yard sale, tag sale, moving sale,中国没这种销售方式,所以很难翻译。意思就是大家趁天气好的时候,或者是要搬家的收拾家里“鸡肋”的时候,把那些看着碍眼扔了可惜的东西在前院或者车库里摆好,往周围电线杆上(或者类似赶集网的CRAIGSLIST)贴个纸条,然后等着路过的乡亲们来淘宝。天气好的周末几乎每个镇上都同时有几十家在开卖场,逛逛总能有惊喜。下面这一堆包括一水晶缸、专业摄影书籍、三套没开封的日式餐具和寿司刀、一个穿鞋用的木头小凳儿、一个相册一共要了二十块零两毛五。看出来了吧,买东西在次,主要是与民同乐呢。所以说李老师逛YARD SALE很酷的,从来不砍价,说多少是多少,街里街坊的咱丢不起那个人呐。

图二

图二是我儿子的一套玩具枪,能发射软软的小飞盘,在我家附近的一个仓储式超市九块九买的。
小票有两张。第一次我买了很多东西,开车到家把东西放下却发现单单的少了那枪。当娘的都很勇猛,五分钟后冲回那商店,先是停车场找,再找所有手推车,无果。最后找到值班经理,说我刚买的东西不见了,让他帮忙找找。天哪,估计人家很少见到这样彪悍的顾客,楞了二十秒,经理面无表情地让我再去卖场里找一个一样的,又面无表情地给了我那张短的小票儿,告诉我他找不到我那个枪,让我拿这个走。我还是很讲理的人,没有继续要求他帮我找,拿着个新的走了。
我为什么能酷?每当我想到自己占的这些便宜,吃亏的时候也能开开心心地对待。Anyway, life is the greatest bargain---for we get it for nothing.
(本文作者李淼曾任纽约市调查局调查员,美国期货行业协会审计调查员和CCTV9套节目播音等职,现任新东方商务英语教师。本栏目所述仅代表她的个人观点。

Wednesday, April 7, 2010

谁更适合中国人?美国和加拿大的日常生活大比拼

在我认识的中国人中,从中国直接去加拿大和从欧洲去加拿大的人,一般都说加拿大好。而先到美国然后再到加拿大的人,一般都认为加拿大不如美国。我、我太太和我女儿是先到美国后到加拿大的,对加拿大也是常常抱怨。比如:

——加拿大学校不许学生跳级。对加拿大四年级的主要课程,我女儿已经学过了,也还得学。而在美国学校,学生确实成绩太好,老师鼓励学生跳级。

——加拿大的银行要收服务费,取一次钱,收一次费,付一次支票,同样收一次费。美国的银行,和中国的银行一样,是不收服务费的。我太太第一次发现账上被扣了钱去询问时,被告之是扣的服务费,她都不敢相信,装着听不懂让银行职员再给解释一遍。

——加拿大的公共车票太贵。多伦多,不管远近,每张车票1.75加元,如果给现金要两加元。月票也太贵,要85加元。上班的人买月票,如果只是上班用,休息日不用,比单买零票还要贵。而在美国波士顿,公共汽车票0.60美元,地铁票0.85美元。地铁月票不到30美元。

加拿大真是一个有些奇怪的国家。与美国互免签证,两国人可以自由往来。在美国的旅游点,可以看到停着加拿大牌照的汽车,在加拿大的旅游点,也可以看到美国牌照的汽车。在美国和加拿大的边境城镇,无论是加拿大这一边还是美国那一边,都是既挂着美国国旗,也挂着加拿大国旗。加拿大的电视播放的几乎全是美国的节目,儿童卡通片是美国的,侦探系列片、各类故事片也多是美国的,连谈话节目美国货也占了相当的数量。加拿大人用“北美”一词,把加拿大和美国联系起来,也用这个词把美加与欧洲区别开来。多伦多大学的学生说,有北美的学位就比有欧洲的学位要优越。只要有北美的学位,在美国和加拿大找工作都较容易。加拿大娱乐圈明星到好莱坞去发展很自然,《泰坦尼克号》主题歌的演唱者就是加拿大歌星。2000年夏,美国麻省理工学院的院长被聘为多伦多大学校长。美国主持的国际行动,加拿大也紧紧跟上,从朝鲜战争到轰炸南联盟等等。从这些方面看来,加拿大好像成了美国的一个亲密无间的小兄弟。

然而,在另一些方面,加拿大又特别要显示出自己不同于美国。比如:

——在行政区的划分上,美国叫“州”,加拿大偏要叫“省”。这还比较好办,只要你在心里把“州”认作“省”就行了。

——在天气上,美国用华氏温度计量,加拿大偏用摄氏温度。这样加拿大人听美国的天气预报,就与也使用摄氏温度计量的中国人,得换算一番。我到了美国近一年,也还不能准确地换算过来。同样,美国人听加拿大的天气预报,大概也不很习惯。

——在路程计算上,美国用英里,加拿大用公里。这样当美国人用自己的车在加拿大开,就不是很方便。时速仪表的大型字是英里数。人就不知道会不会在紧张的时候,忘掉了转换而超速。而加拿大人在美国开自己的车,当路牌显示最大时速为60英里时,他如果按照自己车中仪表上的公里来开,那就会老是开得太慢,而后面的车则不停地按喇叭。

——在汽油的计量上,美国用加仑,加拿大用公升。美国住惯了,刚到加拿大,加一车油花多少钱,怎么与美国比较,一时半会真还算不过来。

有了这几点,什么是加拿大就很清楚了。如果你从美国开车进入加拿大,路标上仍然是英语(论坛),但里程计算不同,不是英里是公里了,从感性上,你知道,在加拿大了。一加油,不是加仑是公升了,哦,在加拿大了。拧开电台,听天气预报,不是华氏是摄氏了,是的,我是在加拿大。

这几个日常的东西一变,加拿大是加拿大了,美国也是美国了,就是不知道这两个交往如此密切的国家的人们是觉得这样更方便了呢,还是更不方便了?

Tuesday, April 6, 2010

死亡罗布泊:4000年木乃伊和消失的墓地(图)

[导读]在狰狞的罗布泊,考古学家发掘出一处神秘的墓地。墓的主人死于大约4000年前,但他们的尸体却在干燥的气候下得以保存。

看不见的墓地

近年来,通过GPS和Google Eearth的帮助,考古学家再次开启了这片墓地的探索,并揭开了与楼兰遗址完全不同的秘密。

死亡地带罗布泊,有人在1934年发现了一片神秘墓地,但此后66年里再没人能找到。近年来,通过GPS和Google Eearth的帮助,考古学家再次开启了这片墓地的探索,并揭开了与楼兰遗址完全不同的秘密。

文_ NICHOLAS WADE 编译_ 潘婷

死亡罗布泊:4000年木乃伊和消失的墓地

死亡罗布泊:4000年木乃伊和消失的墓地

罗布泊沙漠中的小河五号墓地,上百根巨大的木柱是小河古墓最显著的标志。

死亡罗布泊:4000年木乃伊和消失的墓地

有“小河公主”之称的女性木乃伊,距今有3800年历史。

死亡罗布泊:4000年木乃伊和消失的墓地

随葬品中,手工精细的雕刻面具。

死亡罗布泊:4000年木乃伊和消失的墓地

在古墓区共发现了大约200具干尸,这是其中一具婴儿木乃伊。

DNA追踪

这片被称为“小河墓地”的地方位于新疆塔里木盆地附近一个干涸的河床里——一个被山脉环绕的禁区。这片荒漠并不适合人类居住,因为塔克拉玛干沙漠占据了盆地的大部分面积,来往于丝绸之路的人们只能沿着它的南北边缘前行至戈壁。

新疆的维族人有着跟欧洲人相似的五官特征——棕色头发及长鼻子。同样,这些木乃伊也有着独特的西方面孔,公众很容易把它们和楼兰遗址的木乃伊联系起来。

复旦大学著名遗传学家金力对楼兰遗址的一些木乃伊进行过DNA分析,尤其是保存完好且众所周知的楼兰美女。他在2007年公布调查结果称,楼兰木乃伊中的DNA标记证实其有东亚甚至南亚的血统。

然而,关于小河墓地,吉林大学的周慧博士带领的研究小组上月在BMC生物学学报发表了一篇报告,该文章指出,小河墓地的木乃伊是混血,他们同时拥有着欧洲和西伯利亚的遗传标记,因此推断它们有可能来自于国外。

大多数实验结果表明:一种男性的Y染色体现今主要集中在东欧,亚洲中部及西伯利亚地区,但在中国却很少见。线粒体DNA,这种负责传递雌性特征的DNA,一条具有西伯利亚的基因特征,另外两条基因在欧洲则极为常见,这两个Y染色体和线粒体DNA都很古老,研究团队由此推测:欧洲和西伯利亚人种很可能是4000年前进入塔里木盆地定居,并相互通婚。

到目前为止,就数塔里木盆地小河流域公墓里发现的木乃伊,年代最为久远。在北京大学,遗传学家用碳14测试分析了木乃伊的DNA,发现最古老的木乃伊有着3980年的历史。

生殖崇拜

小河流域墓地在1934年最先被瑞典考古学家贝格曼发现,后来又消失了66年,直到中国探险队重新发现,并在GPS上对墓地进行了准确定位。考古学家从2003年开始挖掘,一直持续到2005年。

考古工作者对5层古墓进行挖掘,见到差不多200支杆,每根近4米高,很多柱子上面是扁平的平面,被涂成黑色和红色,就像大船在“沙浪”上“划水”的桨。

每根杆的底部都是反转放置并覆盖着牛皮的船形棺材,船内尸体穿着的是埋葬时的衣服,边上是插满羽毛的帽子,由此推断他们很可能是来自阿尔卑斯山脉的提洛尔山(Tyrolean)。他们披着羊毛披肩,胸前别着胸针,脚上是皮靴。下身的衣服仅能蔽体,男性穿羊毛短裤,女性穿线裙。

每个船形棺材里都装满了随葬品,其中包括漂亮的编织草篮,手工精细的雕刻面具和用于仪式或治病的麻黄包。

考古学家在女子棺木里发现了一个与实物差不多大小的木制男性生殖器,它被放在尸体的上面和侧面。通过考古学家的分析,这些在每个女士船头升起的4米长的管状物实际上代表着一个巨大的男性生殖器。

在男子船的一边又发现了一些桨,桨的一头锋利无比,跟他们第一次发现的有点不一样。中国考古学家猜测,这些刚好与女子棺木船上男性生殖器对应,代表着女性生殖器。“整个墓地都遍布性器官的象征物”,美国宾州州立大学研究塔里木盆地史前时期的维克托·梅尔(Victor Mair)博士认为,这种“生殖情结”正是反映出当时社会对生育的重视程度。

斯坦福大学的人类学家、东亚繁殖研究专家亚瑟·沃尔夫(Arthur Wolf)则认为,这些桨极有可能是一种社会地位的象征,墓穴里的随葬品几乎是同一主题的东西。“事实上,大多数人更重视的是他们的社会地位,认为这些随葬品是他们的骄傲。”他说。

梅尔博士认为,中国考古学家把这些桨视为男性生殖器这一分析理论还是比较有说服力的。这些木乃伊生前显然对性和生殖有着极大的兴趣,这两者对于他们来说密不可分。尤其是,他们对生殖表现出特别的崇拜。梅尔博士说,他们在几个女性木乃伊的双层棺木里见到很多特别精美的随葬品。

“在恶劣的环境下生活,婴儿的死亡率肯定很高,特别在地区偏远的情况下,所以特别重视生育,”梅尔博士说:“如果这些人口将来成为族群的话,那么生育这些孩子并把他们抚养成人的妇女们将受到特别的尊重。”

语言猜想

小河墓地埋葬的文物在欧洲已家喻户晓。据梅尔博士介绍,船葬在维京是一种非常普遍的风俗习惯,青铜时代的北欧就已经发现线裙和男性生殖器标志。

在墓地附近依然有很多未知的定居点,因此人们很可能住在别的地方,而乘船到达墓地,但在现场并没有发现任何的木制工具,进一步说明这些柱子并不是在这里雕刻的。

塔里木盆地小河流域的居民,在4000年前入住时,这里就已经是一个干燥得难以生存的地方,他们当时很可能就徘徊在生死边缘,直到他们赖以生存的湖泊和河流在公元400年消失。埋葬的毡帽和编织草篮在公元2000年前也开始普及。

小河墓地的人说的语言一直是个谜,但梅尔博士认为可能是吐火罗语(Tokharian),印欧语系中的一个古老分支。塔里木盆地发现过用吐火罗语写的手稿,这种语言曾在公元500年到900年在该地区用过。虽然在东方出现,对比印度和伊朗的咝音类语言(Satem),吐火罗语更接近与欧洲的颚音类语言(Centum)。这个结论是基于数百个词汇的拉丁语与梵语(Sanskrit)发音的区别。小河墓地的人们生活在距吐火罗语最早记录的2000年前,但其中呈现出“一种清楚的文化连续性”,梅尔博士说。这种连续性体现在埋葬方式上——与帽子一齐埋葬,这个传统一直延续到公元后前几个世纪。

中美撞机经过揭密:美国机长披露中国人不知的内幕

2001年4月01日,美军一架EP—3电子侦察机飞抵中国海南岛东南海域上空。8时36分,美机向三亚外海抵近侦察,中国海军某部派出两架歼八飞机,对美机进行跟踪监视。9时07分,中方飞机在离我领海基线104公里处正常飞行,中方战机航向110度,美机在右侧400米处同向平行飞行,美机突然大动作向大陆内侧中方战机方向转向,其机头和左翼撞击中方一架飞机尾部,致使中方战机失控坠海,飞行员王伟跳伞,中方另一架飞机安全返航,于9时23分着陆。美方飞机肇事后未经许可进入中国领空,并于9时33分降落在海南陵水机场。
这篇文章,是美国机长、海军上尉沙恩·奥斯本(Shane Osborn)的自述,现转载该译文的一部分,主要谈及美军飞机擅自闯入陵水机场的经过。
“红灯在闪”,温迪突然宣布,声音沉重。我看到引擎仪表的3个过热红灯,警觉到已经将引擎开到最大功率太久,如果不慢下来,可能又会烧掉一台引擎,这架飞机绝对无法再飞。我透过播音系统呼叫:“启动紧急摧毁计划,准备迫降。”然后对旁边副驾驶帕特里克·杰弗里说:“杰弗里,把迫降程序表念给我听。”由于压力舱壁已经有个大洞,所以不需减压。两个空调控制显示器均已失灵,因此毁弃资料的速度需要多快只能凭猜测。杰井里从资料毁弃程序表上读出的项目大多数不适用,适用的项目只有几项,包括在适当时间设定状况五,以及让全体机员准备跳伞等。
EP-3全体机组人员
我可以想像后面的人乱成一团,操作员与技术员各自忙着收拾自己的机密资料,然后由约翰·科默福德中尉收集起来放进机密盒。约翰也负责消除所有的机密数字资讯,然后他会依照迫降程序,用消防斧砸毁所有电脑。程序表最后一项是把机密资料盒和砸毁的电脑从右方舱门丢出去。我们已经飞到外海,机密盒丢出去后会沉到海中,所有书写的机密资料都会很快溶解。
飞机在擦撞后急速下坠时,我们的飞行速度可能超过400节(740公里/小时),所承受的重力一定超过这架飞机设计上的限制,很可能它的结构已经受到重大损害。也许前起落架鼻轮转向装置的液压线会断裂,导致所有液压液完全流失,从而使方向盘的液压助力器失灵。这一来,我势必无法控制左翼承受的强大拉力而导致失速;如果这种情况发生,我最好趁早让机员脱身,然后自己撞毁飞机。
此时我还不能弃机,海军不曾教飞行员轻易放弃。我要设法稳住机员,并在可能的情况下尽量驾驶这架飞机。但我知道,唯一生还的希望是找个机场降落,不管在哪个机场。紧急摧毁计划已经启动,我们毕竟不是处在战争状态,如果能够拯救这架飞机与机员,何必白白送死。丢弃资料稳住机员.
我用播音系统呼叫:“雷吉娜,给我一个方位,我需要一个可以立即降落的方位。”雷吉娜回答:“大约在290。”我们在下坠回升后的方向大约是往西的 270度,只要把机头转向约20度,就是朝中国海南岛陵水军用机场前进。
“陵水,陵水”,我用国际紧急频率呼叫:“KR-919紧急呼救,这是一架严重受损的飞机,大约在海南岛东南方70海里处,请允许紧急降落。”在引擎轰隆声及强烈气流形成的噪音中,我听不到回答。我再次呼叫,还是听不到回答。
照约翰事后描述,当我们这架飞机与中国的歼八军机擦撞时,飞机急速下坠,随后虽恢复稳定,但机头还是朝下,接着他听到我透过播音系统下令:“准备跳伞。”于是约翰往后舱走过去,监督降落伞的分配。降落伞伞具都已照个人的身材经过调整,因此每个人必须拿到自己的降落伞。过程很顺利,没有人惊慌失措。
约翰穿好自己的降落伞、头盔及手套,在主舱门旁的跳伞位就座,然后用头盔上的麦克风透过对讲系统跟我联络:“驾驶舱,我们准备要跳机。”但是听不到我回答。机员已经排成一列,抓住头上的拉环,个人检查自己的跳伞装备。
就在此时,约翰听到我透过播音系统呼叫:“启动紧急摧毁计划,准备迫降”。
机员立刻放开拉环,每个人把自己的机密资料交给约翰,然后约翰把机密资料收集到机密盒,再用消防斧狠砸所有笔记本电脑的键盘,等确定没有遗漏之后,他走到右方舱门下方,准备打开舱门,完成紧急摧毁程序。
当后舱乱成一团时,我对杰井里大喊:“你来掌控”。然后我起身准备穿上跳伞装备,这时约翰突然出现我身后,帮我穿上降落伞。其实我知道等机员都跳伞后,我自己再到后舱跳伞已经来不及,但是我已经下令大家准备跳伞,如果我自己不穿降落伞,会影响机员的心理。约翰对我喊道:“我准备打开舱门”。我猛点头也大喊说:“该怎么办怎么办,我不管你什么时候开舱门,我们要飞往陵水。”
我跟杰井里换回位置,从左边窗户望出去,可以清楚看到一号引擎受损的情况:虽然叶片仍快速转动,但有两个叶片被削掉30多厘米,难怪飞机震动得这么厉害,好像要散掉一样。在叶片脱离引擎击穿机身之前,我们一定要设法迫降。
我戴上耳机,接手掌控操纵杆。帕特里克透过紧急频率直接呼叫陵水机场。我感受到机身的压力改变,知道约翰已经打开右方舱门丢弃机密资料。
飞机的高度表已经出故障,指针在8000英尺(2400米)上下大幅晃动,尽管地平线及其他仪表显示飞机已经稳定下来。我不是很担心,因为雷达高度表还在运作,在飞机到达5000英尺(1500米)高度时就会显示精确的读数。
雾中摸索闯入海南
海南岛中央有座山,在这个高度与距离应该已经可以看到,但是雾太浓,能见度不足。我大声问:“雷吉娜,机场在哪里?”雷吉娜回答,“保持290度,直到看见机场为止。”
这时我决定降低高度。飞机引擎仍保持在接近最大功率,我把3台引擎的动力杆抓在右手,用左手抓住主失灵的一号引擎的动力杆,然后减低大约100个轴马力。飞机水平猛然倾斜,左翼与机头急速下坠,高度突然大幅下降,令我大吃一惊。我把动力杆再次往前推,感觉到速度增加、下降停止。我必须以高速让飞机更为缓慢地下降,才能使飞机不至于失控。
约翰后来说明了他在机舱尾部遭遇的情况。他陷入呼啸不止的气流中,一手抓住机舱外框,另一手抓住已破碎的电脑。他想把电脑抛到风吹不到的地方,并将自己上半身推离已掀开的舱盖。不过,第三号引擎震耳欲聋的一阵爆炸,极可能将他吸到飞机外。
他对后面两个机员喊:“抓住我的降落伞。”他们随即紧抓他的系带,然后将他往后拉。接着,他将黑色扁平的电脑一个个丢到强风中,它们如枯叶般被吹走。
“紧急销毁”清单中的项目现在已全部处理完毕。约翰拿起舱盖锁定在舱架上。我通知帕特里克说:“进入状况五。我们准备降落。”
帕特里克按了按电钮传达命令:“状况五”。我微微将动力杆往后拉,直到将飞机速度减到降落速度。我的手臂酸痛无力,因此由帕特里克与我轮流驾驶。每个人三四分钟,一切还算控制得当。在我们降到大约5000英尺高空密度较厚及较潮的空气时,发觉已可小心翼翼地将操纵杆从垂直角度往左旋转到大的75度,让我们驾驶起来较容易,但由于机体持续震动,仍须费番力气才能控制往飞机。
最后,海南岛上青色山脊出现在前方一片浓雾中。当时,我负责驾驶机,帕特里克打开无线电。他以缓慢清楚声音说了两次:“陵水。KR-919要求紧急降落。我们是一架严重受损飞机,地点在海南南方约5英里(8公里)。我们必须紧急降落。”
对方没回答。在飞临海岸时,我们从前方云雾中可见岛上一座小型城市发出的灯光。照规定,海军飞行员不可将受损飞机飞到城市上空。我加了点动力将机身右倾飞离了该岛。在找到陵水机场的位置前,我们还须盘旋一阵。很不幸,我们未携带该机场详尽的进场图表,否则应可查出降落方向、跑道长度、塔台通讯频率及他们的航行辅助设备等资料。我们通常会携带这个区域内各大机场进场图表。不过,没人料到我们有一天会试图将一架受损飞机降落在一座中国军用机场。
在我们缓慢盘旋,下降到海平面2000英尺(600米)时,雷吉娜会用她的精准导航设备提供降落方向给我。我说:“雷吉娜,给我方向好吗?”她谨慎地说:“你该看到一座城市。然后是一条河流。机场就在左方。”
在完成360度回转后,我前倾看到了西面两座青色山岭,城的东西有处弯曲海滩。这幅景色很像夏威夷群岛的瓦胡岛上的卡尼欧黑海湾。褐色的水泥跑道在第一座山岭后方浮现。
我喊道:“陵水。我看到机场了。”在我们以1000英尺(300米)高度飞越海滩的白色半月湾时,我扳动升降舵,但它却动也不动。我一阵惊恐:机尾部分已受损,不能用力猛扳。
手册无用仅凭经验
以此之前,军士长麦洛斯一直注意看我及帕特驾驶,并监视每个仪器,以确保还完好的引擎仍在顺利运转。驾驶舱内,我们3人都全神贯注在降落动作上。
在我们接近海南时,军士长一直忙着翻阅紧急手册,为我们面临的降落难题寻找解决办法。不过很显然,我们所面临的航速显示器丧失功能、撞掉的机首及不能转动的襟翼这些难题,无法在手册上找到答案。
我们以1000英尺高度飞越地面上的棕榈林及一片片只褐色的干稻田时,仪表上显示地面速度为220节(407公里/小时)。我们只能将这个数目拿来参与。军士长喊说:“143节(265公里/小时)是我们不用襟翼的降落速度。”不过,既然我无从判断我们的正确航速,我们只能在进场最后阶段加快速度。我说:“照这个速度加30节。”
我将动力杆向前推了1英寸加快速度。闪闪发亮的跑道就摊开在前面,与我们的航向成垂直角度。我准备以这个角度飞越机场。在800英尺(240米)高度,我可以检视机场。不过,在飞越机场后我必须左倾30度以免撞上山坡。在正常情况下我想都不必想即可完成这个动作。今天以这根操纵杆要拉到适当角度却又不能超过,让我倍感吃力。
我们以大约700英尺(210米)高度飞越机场。跑道上没有飞机或车辆。我看见右方一排露天式机窝,每个机窝内都停有一架歼八战机。不过,现在可不是观光的时候。
我屏住呼吸,将飞机左倾以免撞上山坡。我告知帕特:“起落架放下。查验降落步骤。”帕特的双手在座椅两旁摸索。他着急地问道:“查验单呢?”结果,查验单已经跟机密资料一起丢了。我说:“帕特,起落架放下。”帕特伸手抓住轮胎形的起落架把手,并往下扳。
我们3个人屏住呼吸看着仪表板右方的起落架位置显示器从“上”转变成“下”。由于机首破损,起落架放下的声音比平常要大。看来,起落架并未受损。
从撞机那刻开始,一直存在我心中的那股恐惧感终于解脱了。我了解到,我们可以存活了。我喊道:“现在,我们有3个起落架放下并锁定。”“没错,”他说,即使在一片气流嘈杂声中,他的声音也明显含有一股解脱感觉。
我在约500英尺(150米)高度转弯,并朝北准备再转弯飞回降落。因为无法与塔台通话,我无从得知风速。跑道两旁也没有指示牌显示跑道长度。不过,既然是歼八基地,应该长得够我们下降。反正,不够长也没办法,因为我们得降落了。
我向帕特说:“报告地面速度,一直到我们降落为止。”由于飞机受损,我不能照正常的机首朝上方式降落,即后起落架先着地,前起落架后着地的方式。今天,我准备以类似雄猫式战机降落在航空母舰甲板上的方式降落。至少,我不必像雄猫飞行员一样试图去钩缆线。
另外,还有一点不同的是:如果着地不顺,我没有拉起再降落一次的机会。机身的受损状况,再加上机身重量,不允许我们有另一次机会。我必须在第一次降落时就让飞机安全着地。
宽广的混凝土跑道就在我们下方,我把操纵杆慢慢往后拉,速度降低。这架大飞机轻轻地落地,我们几乎感觉不到起落架碰触到地面。
EP-3滑过跑道,发出尖锐的声音,我只有15秒钟可以停下飞机,但是3台发动机正以130节(240公里/小时)的速度拉着飞机在跑道上滑跑。在这样高的速度下,发动机很难反转,我也无法正确判断转速,只能等候仪表板上的信号指示。
绿灯一亮,我立刻拉住3台发动机的动力杆,让螺旋桨开始反转,同时控制方向舵,尽量让飞机维持直线行进。这时飞机不停抖动,但是速度立刻慢了下来。我对自己说:“我做到了!我做到了!”
突然间,我听到后方组员发出尖叫声与欢呼声,我深深呼了一口气,转庆看着帕特里克和麦洛斯,一切尽在不言中:真不恨相信我们还活着。但是另一个念头却让我悚然一惊:我们虽然还活着,但如今人在中国。
我轻踩制动器,放缓飞机速度。跑道很颠簸,方形水泥块的隙缝中冒出小草,左前方,两辆满戴士兵的绿色军用卡车,驶过塔台。
我跟帕特里克与麦洛斯说:“看来他们已在等我们。”帕特里克说:“他们大概侦测到我们飞机的信号。”
显然对方知道我们要来。杰弗里曾看见没有失事的另外那架歼八跟我们平行飞了几分钟,后来便向海南岛飞去。
我们快到跑道尽头时,一名穿短袖的地勤人员,走过来挥手示意要我们滑行。他挥动右臂,要我们向左滑行到停机坪,卡车这时已开到前方,士兵纷纷跳下来。大约三分之一携带AK47冲锋枪。我听从了命令。
虽然引擎仍从损毁的压力舱传出转动声,现在已没有高速气流扑面而来,对讲的通讯清楚多了。我问约翰:“舱内一切没问题了吗?”
他立即回答:“还没有;给我一分钟,好不好?”
在执行紧急摧毁计划时,无线电联系必须在“零”状态,后舱的人需要几分钟启动这个设备。我完成转向动作。中国军官举手示意,要我们停在卡车旁边。我不断点头表示我懂并愿意合作,并启动制动装置停机。军官要我们关掉引擎,军队也包围了飞机。从停机坪望过去,有几栋橘色屋顶的水泥建筑,有几株棕榈在风中摇弋,我也看到稻田和远处的茅屋,我们已身在中国的军用机场,是错不了的。除了武装军人和我们之外,没有其他的人。
约翰知道此刻时间分秒必争,而我却需要尽量在不惹怒对方的情况下拖延时间。我使用遇除频率对着无线电话筒说:“陵水,陵水,这是KR-919。我们需要几分钟的时间让引擎冷却。”
那当然只是拖延时间的借口,我希望他们会相信。我的确需要时间来处理紧急事项。
尽量拖,我跟自己说。我们必须向太平洋美军司令部报告我们的遭遇,让指挥部得到第一手信息。
此时,中国军官变得异常坚持,他指着引擎,手划过脖子。我已不能拿手下机组人员的生命跟我这些拿AK47的人开玩笑。
麦洛斯把引擎动力杆拉下,关掉油门。四号螺旋桨停止转动后,中国军官似乎松了一口气。他们大概不敢在二、三号引擎还在转动的情形下,贸然把梯子架上机翼,太危险了。
“麦洛斯,情报送好了没有?”
“好了。”口气有些无可奈何,“可是指挥部他们要我们再拖个几分钟。”
“麦洛斯,关掉三号跟二号发动机,辅助动力装置开着。”
我可以想像指挥部那边的情形,我们的报告肯定已经引起一片紧张气氛,无线电通讯的操作员一定接到尽可能保持通讯管道畅通的命令。然而我们的无线电需要电力,而电力要靠引擎或驾驶舱下方的辅助动力装置来供应。
关掉最后两个引擎,可能拖了两分钟,但我不能再冒险拖下去。约翰一定已把简要的事情经过传回美国军方:一架中国歼八军机与我机在南海上空擦撞,我机严重损坏,机员平安。紧急破坏计划执行完毕,我们迫降在最近的陵水机场。
一架机身漆成蓝灰保护色的双螺旋桨中国军用运输机滑到跑道尽头,跑道上的热气上腾,引擎加速,朝我们进场的方向迅速起飞,向东南方飞去。我说:他们是搜寻失踪的歼八飞行员去了。我希望他们找得到他。
引擎关掉后,辅助动力装置的声音显得特别大,那名中国军官又开始比划起来,要我们把辅助动力装置也关掉。
我对麦洛斯说:“关掉吧!”
我解开安全带,走向机尾。舱内到处都是碎玻璃与毁掉的电信器材。辅助动力关掉后,空调也关了,舱内燥热不堪,我的衣领已湿透。我扯掉降落伞和救生衣,扔在通讯设备上面。这时对方已将我机包围。我希望自己是第一个跟对方打交道的人。
下面一群穿军便服的军人看着我,其中一人是译员,英语不甚流利。他说:“不要在飞机内走动。”一面说,一面看着我身后的机员,“有没有人需要就医?”
我摇摇头:“我们没事。”
我方的机员仍在舱内通讯设备前忙着。译员又说:“不要再动设备。”另一名机员跑过门口,他又命令:“不准在舱内跑动。”这次声音严厉许多。
中国军官说了一些话,译员说:“你们有没有带武器?武器要交出来。”
我不断摇头说我们没有武器。
“果真?”
“是的。”
骄阳在机场上空发威,我紧张得口干舌燥,但我们现在在中国境内,我是任务指挥官,我必须冷静处理一切状况。
军官用手持电话与上级联系。这时又有一名机员跑过我身后。他喝道:“不准活动!”拿AK47的年轻士兵看起来神情紧张而随时戒备。
我回头向舱内喊:“不要再从门这里跑来跑去。”
军官命令说:“你下来。”
我摇头说:“我们不希望下飞机。可以借用电话吗?”
我又说:“如果我跟你们去,你们可以让我打一个电话吗?我得向指挥部报告我们平安。”
军官回答:“办不到。那个由我们来管,你不用担心。”译员要我们下飞机。
我听见命令,看见更多的武装士兵在机翼与机尾之间整队。我们已经完成紧急破坏计划,可以离开了。跑道上的人个个都有武器,我们没有,如果他们要向我们动武或无礼,他们完全办得到。他们可能饿死我们或枪毙我们,既然要被迫留下来,没有必要把事情再进一步弄糟。
我跟约翰说:“该下机了。”
他摇下折梯,我第一个下来。
机员鱼贯下来,他们下来时,我一一点头,有的人显然被这样的阵势吓坏了,有的人则力持镇定。麦洛斯是最后一个下机的。
中国军官要上飞机。
我对他说:“你不能上去,它是美国财产。”
译员点头说:“好,我们暂时不会上去,会替你们看守。”
我问:“我可不可以把飞机门锁起来?”
“不可以。”
我们谈话之际,一辆中型褐色巴士驶来,对方要我们上车。译员指示把两箱瓶装矿泉水和宝岛牌香烟分发给我们。机组人员中有半数是老烟枪,一上车就点起烟来,车子里的空气变坏。我可以要他们不要抽,可是我知道他们会有什么感觉,所以什么话也没说,忍着。
我问:“我们要到哪儿去?”
“休息。”
我们坐着,不断灌水,同时吸着刺鼻的烟味。他们后来用小型的厢型车,让我们4个人一组去方便。我坚持我方人员分组如厕时要受到保护。从厕所看来,我们在陵水下榻的设施不会高明。
我往窗外望去,看见棕榈叶在微风中摇动,有些农民从庄稼地里伸头好奇地看我们。前面有歼八战斗机的尾翼从隆起的机窝掩体中伸出,我知这便是拦截我机的两架歼八战斗机的基地。
译员上了巴士说:“我们要带你们去吃饭。”
我们前往的餐厅设在水泥建筑中,但出乎意料之外的是里面居然有冷气。我们有点害怕地鱼贯走入,看到一个大型投影电视屏幕上正在播放节目,更是大吃一惊。餐厅服务员半张着嘴盯着我们看,我明白我们大概是他们这辈子仅见的西方人。
我们每人都分到一个餐盘,并可选择叉子或筷子。午餐份量只能充饥:米饭、青菜、一些煮鱼。不过,麦洛斯却把剩菜吃得津津有味。像他这种老水兵,知道吃总比不吃好。我也是吃得点滴不剩——对自己的饥饿感到有些惊讶。然后,那位军官及译员把我感到餐厅外头。
译员说:“把机上所有人名字写下。”接着,他把一张纸及一支原子笔交给我。餐厅外除了树干无处可写字,因此他们让我返回餐厅在餐桌上写。有些机员由于历经折腾已经在打盹。我也累了,所以写得很慢。
在此同时,两位尉级军官走进来,并自我介绍是我们新的“正式”译员。其中一位年轻军官说:“我是董林(音)少尉。”
另一位说:“要带你们去午睡。”
我们鱼贯走出餐厅。我又是最后离开,因为要清点经过我的每个人。军官营房就在不远处,是栋两层楼建筑。我们被带到二楼。
阿甘少尉说:“你分配房间吧。”我等到每个人都挑好房间后,再把帕特及约翰拉到一旁,与他们共用一房。房间陈设都差不多。功能甚佳的壁挂冷气以及灰色床单。一切还算不错。至少机员都还在一起,且可自由在走廊上走动。
大伙儿挑好房间后,我叫他们到外头集合,一方面避免被窃听,一方面也方便讲话。我指指耳朵说:“在里头讲话要小心。可能有人窃听。大家保持冷静。我们会一起渡过难关。”
我转向麦洛斯说:“军士长,今晚派个轮哨卫兵,以保一切平安。”他回答说:“知道了。”我知道自己不必多说,他们会去处理细节。
半小时后,一等兵库尔森列出了一张卫兵排班表。每小时一班,每班两人,分别守卫走廊两边。如此,哨兵夜里即可看到机员从房间走到走廊尽头如厕的动态。
稍后,我跟几位机员在走廊上讨论对方可能的下一动作。麦洛斯抽了口中国香烟后说:“我们可能遭审问。”我答说:“我们受到这方面训练,知道什么可说,什么不可说。”大家沉重地点了点头。我说:“听着,我们飞机在这里迫降,他们一定会很好奇。我们不必主动告诉他们太多,但他们需要知道事实真相。这点我们得告诉他们。”
晚间就寝时,我浑身疲累但无法入睡,脑海里尽是胡思乱想。撞机过程的惊悚画历历在目。等到我驱走这些景象时,我又为不能预知下一步可能发生之事而担心。